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    2021—2023年常州市商场(超市)、候车室卫生状况分析

    Sanitary condition of shopping malls (supermarkets) and waiting rooms in Changzhou, China, 2021—2023

      摘要
    • 摘要:
      目的 了解2021—2023年常州市商场(超市)、候车室卫生状况, 发现潜在的健康危害因素, 为保障人群健康以及制定相应的卫生政策提供数据支持。
      方法 2021—2023年对常州市商场(超市)、候车室开展公共场所健康危害因素监测, 采集室内空气、公共用品用具等样品, 依据《公共场所卫生检验方法》(GB/T 18204)检测物理因素指标(温度、相对湿度、噪声、风速)、化学因素指标(PM2.5、PM10、CO、CO2)、微生物指标(细菌总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌)。对监测所得数据按《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488—2019)进行评价。
      结果 2021—2023年常州市商场(超市)、候车室共监测数据3 392条, 总达标率85.58%。不同年份达标率差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.33, P=0.002), 2022年和2023年达标率高于2021年; 夏季(87.00%)高于冬季(84.02%), 差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.07, P < 0.05)。温度、相对湿度、噪声、风速、PM2.5、PM10、CO、CO2、菌落总数中位数分别为: 22.2 ℃、53%、67 dB(A)、0.06 m/s、38 μg/m3、100 μg/m3、1.5 mg/m3、0.057%、45 CFU/m3。噪声和温度达标率最低(分别为14.37%和32.18%), 其次是相对湿度、PM10和PM2.5(分别为60.92%、72.41%和74.71%), 其余指标达标率均在90%以上。不同年份PM2.5、PM10、CO2、菌落总数和金黄色葡萄球菌达标率差异有统计学意义(χ2为9.54~19.71, P < 0.05), 其中2022年PM2.5和PM10达标率最高, 但CO2最低, 2021年菌落总数和大肠菌群达标率最低。候车室噪声达标率高于商场(超市)(P < 0.001);夏季温度、PM10、PM2.5达标率高于冬季, 差异有统计学意义(χ2为15.64~39.50, P < 0.05)。金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠菌群在购物车篮(分别为8份和1份)和收银台(分别为6份和1份)均有检出, 不达标率分别为2.58%和0.31%, 主要分布在2021年。
      结论 常州市2021—2023年商场(超市)、候车室整体卫生状况良好, 但仍需重点关注商场(超市)噪声污染、冬季PM2.5、PM10以及商场(超市)公共用品用具微生物污染问题。

       

      Abstract:
      Objective To investigate the sanitary condition of shopping malls (supermarkets) and waiting rooms in Changzhou, China from 2021 to 2023, to identify potential health risk factors, and to provide data support for protecting population health and formulating corresponding health policies.
      Methods From 2021 to 2023, monitoring of health risk factors for public places was conducted in shopping malls (supermarkets) and waiting rooms in Changzhou. Samples including indoor air and public articles were collected. Physical parameters (temperature, relative humidity, noise, and air velocity), chemical indicatorsfine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2), and microorganism indicators (total bacterial count, coliforms, and Staphylococcus aureus) were detected according to the Examination Methods for Public Places (GB/T 18204). The monitoring data were evaluated against the Hygienic Indicators and Limits for Public Places (GB 37488-2019).
      Results A total of 3 392 data items were monitored in shopping malls (supermarkets) and waiting rooms in Changzhou from 2021 to 2023, with an overall qualified rate of 85.58%. The difference in qualified rates among different years was statistically significant (χ2=12.33, P=0.002), with qualified rates being higher in 2022 and 2023 than in 2021. The qualified rate in summer (87.00%) was significantly higher than that in winter (84.02%) (χ2=6.07, P < 0.05). The median values for temperature, relative humidity, noise, air velocity, PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, and total bacterial count were 22.2℃, 53%, 67 dB(A), 0.06 m/s, 38 μg/m3, 100 μg/m3, 1.5 mg/m3, 0.057%, and 45 CFU/m3, respectively. The qualified rates for noise and temperature were the lowest (14.37% and 32.18%, respectively), followed by relative humidity, PM10, and PM2.5 (60.92%, 72.41%, and 74.71%, respectively). The qualified rates for the remaining indicators were all above 90%. The differences in qualified rates for PM2.5, PM10, CO2, total bacterial count, and S. aureus across different years were statistically significant (χ2=9.54-19.71, P < 0.05), with the highest qualified rates identified for PM2.5 and PM10 and the lowest rate for CO2 in 2022, and the lowest rates for total bacterial count and coliforms in 2021. The qualified rate for noise in waiting rooms was higher than that in shopping malls (supermarkets) (P < 0.001). The qualified rates for temperature, PM10, and PM2.5 were significantly higher in summer than in winter (χ2=15.64-39.50, P < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms were detected in shopping cart baskets (8 and 1 sample(s), respectively) and at checkout counters (6 and 1 sample(s), respectively), with unqualified rates of 2.58% and 0.31%, primarily occurring in 2021, respectively.
      Conclusion The overall sanitary condition of shopping malls (supermarkets) and waiting rooms in Changzhou from 2021 to 2023 was good. However, continued focus is needed on noise pollution and microbial contamination of public articles in shopping malls (supermarkets), as well as PM2.5 and PM10 levels in winter.

       

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