Abstract: Flood disasters are among the most common natural disasters. In recent years, the impact of flood exposure on population health has attracted increasing attention. Existing research has predominantly focused on the effects of flood exposure on communicable diseases, while studies on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) remain relatively limited. By reviewing relevant domestic and international literature, this article explores the impact of flood exposure on NCDs and summarizes the shortcomings of current research. The review indicates that flood exposure increases the incidence and mortality risk of various NCDs. However, findings are inconsistent, and most studies are single-center investigations of isolated events. In the future, there is an urgent need for multi-center epidemiological studies to comprehensively assess health impacts across different regions. Additionally, health early warning systems for flood disasters should be strengthened, and targeted protection measures for vulnerable populations should be enhanced.