Objective To analyze and promote the application of epidemiological evidence in environmental health risk assessment (EHRA) and to accelerate the development of technical systems for EHRA.

Methods This study reviewed the current application status of environmental epidemiological research evidence in EHRA both domestically and internationally, analyzed existing problems, summarized the requirements for utilizing epidemiological evidence in health risk assessment, and proposed recommendations for future research.

Results Findings from study designs such as cohort studies, case-control studies, randomized controlled trials, and time-series studies are primarily applied in EHRA. Current challenges include insufficient assessment of the quality of epidemiological evidence, and room for improvement in both study design and assessment method ologies. According to international guidance documents on the application of environmental epidemiological evidence in EHRA, the quality of epidemiological studies, reporting elements, and the strength of evidence should be evaluated when conducting health assessments. It is recommended that future work should focus on standardizing the technical criteria for assessing the quality and strength of epidemiological evidence in EHRA. Furthermore, integrating multidisciplinary technologies should be pursued to enhance the application capability of epidemiological evidence in risk assessment.

Conclusion Epidemiological evidence plays a critical role in EHRA. The standardization of assessment method ologies and the integration of multidisciplinary technologies can improve the precision, scientific rigor, and credibility of the assessment.