Abstract: Non-smoking female lung cancer in Asia, particularly in China, has emerged as an increasingly serious public health concern. Previous studies have identified indoor air pollution, especially exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from cooking oil fumes and coal combustion, as a major modifiable risk factor. The underlying molecular mechanisms may involve interactions between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways. Furthermore, indoor air pollution may also influence the mutational drivers in lung cancer among non-smokers. Further in-depth research is recommended to explore the etiology of non-smoking female lung cancer, the mechanisms of interaction between environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility, and the risk thresholds. These studies will help develop effective public health interventions tailored to regional risks, thereby reversing the rising trend of this disease.