Abstract: China is currently at a critical stage of large-scale nuclear energy development, facing severe challenges in nuclear safety management. This article reviews the emergency response measures taken during the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan and the experiences and lessons learned in subsequent risk assessment and management. Based on the current state of nuclear safety management in China, a series of development recommendations have been proposed: establishing an institutional platform for cross-departmental collaborative governance; formulating a scenario-capability dynamic adaptation-based risk assessment standard; strengthening risk communication and advocating for a governance model involving public participation; improving the full life-cycle management mechanism for health impacts; and promoting technological iteration and updates.