土壤污染地区农村居民镉负荷水平与环境镉暴露相关性研究

邵冉起; 韩旭; 罗姣; 李峰; 汪鹏; 戴军; 顾毅; 邓莉芳; 刘静平; 苏丽琴

doi:10.13421/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2024.04.008

土壤污染地区农村居民镉负荷水平与环境镉暴露相关性研究

Study of cadmium exposure level in rural residents in soil polluted areas and environmental correlation

摘要

摘要:
目的多维度评估农村居民的镉暴露水平, 分析环境镉暴露与居民内暴露水平之间的关联性。
方法在典型土壤镉污染区和土壤镉清洁区采集土壤和出产农作物样本, 选择当地成年常住居民为调查对象, 采集晨间空腹随机中段尿液样本, 并开展膳食调查。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测环境和生物样本镉含量。采用相关分析、通径分析、广义线性回归等统计学方法探究环境镉暴露与人体镉负荷的关联。
结果污染区和清洁区的土壤镉、大米镉以及蔬菜镉含量的中位数分别为0.50 mg/kg vs. 0.49 mg/kg、0.23 mg/kg vs. 0.02 mg/kg和0.03 mg/kg vs. 0.02 mg/kg; 污染区调查对象日均膳食镉摄入和尿镉水平显著高于清洁区, 两地区居民日均自产粮食镉摄入和尿镉水平的中位数分别为2.59 μg/kg体重(body weight, BW) vs. 0.19 μg/kg BW和4.27 μg/g肌酐vs. 1.34 μg/g肌酐。土壤镉、大米镉、蔬菜镉和自产粮食镉摄入均与尿镉显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.36、0.78、0.61和0.69 (P值均 < 0.05)。通径分析结果显示, 大米镉含量是影响尿镉水平的主要决定因子。广义线性回归分析的结果显示, 日均自产粮食镉摄入量每增加1 μg/kg BW, 尿镉增加0.69 μg/g肌酐; 日均大米镉摄入量每增加1 μg/kg BW, 尿镉增加0.68 μg/g肌酐。
结论环境镉暴露与人体镉负荷水平存在正向暴露—反应关系, 控制大米镉摄入是降低人群镉暴露的首要途径。

Abstract:
Objective To comprehensively evaluate cadmium (Cd) exposure levels among rural residents, and to explore the association of environmental Cd exposure with internal human Cd exposure in residents.
Methods Soil and crop samples were collected from typical soil Cd pollution areas and clean areas without soil Cd pollution. Morning urine samples were collected from local adult permanent residents, and a complete dietary survey was also conducted. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure Cd contents in environmental and biological samples. The relationship between environmental Cd exposure and Cd body burden was explored through correlation analysis, path analysis, and generalized linear regression analysis.
Results The Cd exposure level in contaminated areas was significantly higher than that in clean areas. The median Cd levels in soil, rice and vegetables from contaminated areas and clean areas were 0.50 mg/kg vs. 0.49 mg/kg, 0.23 mg/kg vs. 0.02 mg/kg, and 0.03 mg/kg vs. 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The participants in polluted areas had a significantly higher average dietary Cd intake per day median, 2.59 μg/kg body weight (BW) vs. 0.19 μg/kg BW and a significantly higher urinary Cd content median, 4.27 μg/g creatine (Cr) vs. 1.34 μg/g Cr than those in the clean areas. Cd levels in soil, rice, vegetables and dietary Cd intake were all significantly positively correlated with urinary Cd content, with the correlation coefficients being 0.36, 0.78, 0.61 and 0.69, respectively (all P < 0.05). The path analysis showed that the Cd content in rice Cd was the main determinant of the urinary Cd level. The generalized linear regression analysis showed that for every 1 μg/kg BW increase in average daily dietary Cd intake, the urinary Cd level increased by 0.69 μg/g Cr; and for every 1 μg/kg BW increase in average daily Cd intake from rice, the urinary Cd level increased by 0.68 μg/g Cr.
Conclusion There is a positive exposure-response relationship between environmental Cd exposure and Cd body burden. Controlling rice-related Cd intake is the primary way to reduce Cd exposure in the populations.

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