Abstract: Environmental pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic poisons, can reduce the adaptability of organisms to hypoxia, aggravating the damage to organisms under hypoxic conditions. This paper introduced organisms' adaptability to hypoxia and the underlying mechanisms, and reviewed the harmful effects on organisms' adaptation to hypoxia of various environmental pollutants, including heavy metals and(mercury, cadmium, copper, and nickel), common air pollutants and organic poisons, and the underlying mechanisms. Suggestion were recommended that future research should pay more attention to the common pathways and mechanisms of environmental pollutants injuring organisms' adaptation to hypoxia, and provide a theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of poisoning and hypoxic damage caused by environmental pollutants.