Abstract: Bioaerosols are closely related to material circulation, biological transmission and public health. Especially in the context of COVID-19 outbreak, the transmission process and pathogenic mechanism of rich pathogenic components in bioaerosols in the atmosphere have once again become a research hotspot. However, the frequency, range density and time of human activities on and around roads are increasing, and the health risks caused by pathogenic microorganisms in road dust need to be solved urgently. In this paper, the transmission route of pathogenic microorganism aerosols such as bacteria, fungi and virus in road dust and the types and harms of epidemic diseases that may be caused by aerosols are summarized, the pathogenic microorganisms in road dust was analyzed possible source of natural and man-made release source, and the pathogenic microorganisms of the existing health risk model is evaluated. Looking to the future to find out the source of pathogenic microorganisms in road dust, propagation law, distribution characteristics and pathogenic mechanism, set up the road dust of pathogenic microorganisms in "fingerprint spectrum diagram", in the evaluation of road dust of pathogenic microorganisms and human health risk (defined threshold): solve the problem of pathogenic microorganism infection probability early warning model, construction of road dust pathogenic microorganisms in prevention and control system.