Abstract: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) greatly harms the health of people. This article summarizes the research advances in the health impacts of TRAP on the four age groups of infants, children, adults, and the elderly in China and globally. The review shows that the health risks of TRAP mainly include adverse pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth and low birth weight), perinatal diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders (cognitive developmental disorders and mental development), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases (asthma, cough, and upper respiratory tract infection), cancers, and Alzheimer's disease with different potential risks in different age groups. In the future, it is important to improve the estimation accuracy of TRAP exposure and the representativeness of TRAP exposure markers, which may become the breakthrough points for future research.